tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69824497936581137282024-03-19T00:34:57.909-04:00Neo KoboUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger326125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-75982508473970782782023-06-24T23:42:00.001-04:002023-06-29T17:35:34.067-04:00What is the CAP Theorem?<ol>
<li style="list-style: none;">What is the CAP Theorem?</li>
<ol>
<li>The <b>CAP</b> in <i>CAP theorem</i> is an acronym of <b>C</b>onsistency, <b>A</b>vailability, <b>P</b>artition tolerance</li>
<li>In an episode of the TV show, The Simpsons, Homer asks Marge, "Do you want the job done right, or do you want it done fast?" That was a trade-off recognizing the difficulty of having those two properties be true at the same time on a system.</li>
<li>The CAP theorem defines a similar trade-off. It defines three properties of a distributed system and maintains that all three properties cannot be true simultaneously on a system</li>
<li>The three <b><i>properties</i></b> of the CAP theorem are:</li>
<ol>
<li>Consistency</li>
<ol>
<li>Consistency means that all the copies of data in our system are always up-to-date and show the same information</li>
<li>Every read operation from any part of the distributed system should return the most recent data version of the data, or an error. I.e. all nodes in the system should have the same view of the data at any given time</li>
</ol>
<li>Availability</li>
<ol>
<li>Availability means that the system is always ready to respond to read and write requests, even when failure occurs</li>
<li>This allows for users to be able to access the system, and perform operations whenever you need to, even if some parts of the system are experiencing issues or failure</li>
</ol>
<li>Partition tolerance</li>
<ol>
<li>Network partition is when some nodes in the distributed system cannot communicate with others due to network issues.</li>
<li>Partition tolerance is about the system's ability to handle communication failure (or network partition)</li>
<li>The system should continue to function and maintain its consistency and availability even where there is network partitions or communications failure between nodes</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<li>It suggests that when designing a system that stores and manages data across multiple connected systems (i.e. a distributed system), such a system has three properties: <b>C</b>onsistency, <b>A</b>vailability, <b>P</b>artition tolerance, and that such a system can deliver only two of those three properties. As such, you need to understand, and be prepared to make trade-offs between them</li>
<li>The CAP theorem suggests that for example, when a distributed computer system experiences a network partition or failure, there will be a move to prioritize one of the other two remaining properties over the other.</li>
<li>"Most distributed systems have to tolerate network failures, and thus, network partitioning has to be allowed. This means that these workloads have to make a choice between consistency and availability when a network partition occurs. If the workload chooses availability, then it always returns a response, but with potentially inconsistent data. If it chooses consistency, then during a network partition it would return an error since the workload can’t be sure about the consistency of the data."
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<p style="text-align: right;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSams1YXfaS_31KNgVkffJElQf5BkRhNomZNfodeWze2_70BBWkLeeqIMuBham1VGWKQq9ZJWzMQe0FzuPpwn2yKwWG7CTR1gQWuxZ9tKTHHyMl46f31A5Z8Kvnk5m7MxPL1B3yNV_rF3Txozo-bcBQQWSG6uky80tMvqFywNZPnrjtiEarQVVUjJH3B96/s1108/CAPv2b.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="1108" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSams1YXfaS_31KNgVkffJElQf5BkRhNomZNfodeWze2_70BBWkLeeqIMuBham1VGWKQq9ZJWzMQe0FzuPpwn2yKwWG7CTR1gQWuxZ9tKTHHyMl46f31A5Z8Kvnk5m7MxPL1B3yNV_rF3Txozo-bcBQQWSG6uky80tMvqFywNZPnrjtiEarQVVUjJH3B96/w640-h236/CAPv2b.jpg" width="640" /></a></i></div><i>image from: </i><b><i>neokobo.blogspot.com</i></b><p></p>
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</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>There are three combinations called out by the CAP theorem:</li>
<ol>
<li>Consistency and Availability (CA):</li>
<ol>
<li>Here the system focuses on providing consistent and data integrity, recognizing that availability might be lost during network partitions</li>
<li>It ensures that all copies of the data are synchronized, even if it might not be accessible during certain failures</li>
</ol>
<li>Consistency and Partition tolerance (CP):</li>
<ol>
<li>Here the system provides consistency even in the face of network partitions.</li>
<li>It ensures that all copies are consistent, even if it might experience temporary unavailability during network issues</li>
</ol>
<li>Availability and Partition tolerance (AP):</li>
<ol>
<li>Here the system prioritizes availability and ensures the system remains accessible even during network partitions.</li>
<li>It accepts that data consistency might be a challenge to maintain</li>
</ol>
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<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiehnJKccdElG5WETMn6LzV46fAd5hJsO2hIsX-c5_i6D6shDUGRC3DncUol9tv4y0BH3b0sL37U3X4JHuQ2jj3FiNz1ZInYIEWhc6G8q4xM1KXv-oroVe8ib9j02_zmciVpWFY-6Hsv-iFGV6KO7UItNykgv2U57EnI0t3jtboHVOKUaBZ0Lt-gVN71wlQ/s580/CAP3.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiehnJKccdElG5WETMn6LzV46fAd5hJsO2hIsX-c5_i6D6shDUGRC3DncUol9tv4y0BH3b0sL37U3X4JHuQ2jj3FiNz1ZInYIEWhc6G8q4xM1KXv-oroVe8ib9j02_zmciVpWFY-6Hsv-iFGV6KO7UItNykgv2U57EnI0t3jtboHVOKUaBZ0Lt-gVN71wlQ/s16000/CAP3.jpg" /></a></div><p style="text-align: right;"><i>image from: <b>neokobo.blogspot.com</b></i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</ol>
<li>In summary, CAP theorem serves as a guideline to help us make informed decisions when designing and implementing distributed computer systems, based on the specific requirements of our application. It recognizes that simultaneously meeting those three properties of consistency, high availability, and strong partition tolerance is not possible, and the decision about which combination to prioritize depends on what is most important for our application.</li>
<li><b>References:</b></li>
<ol>
<li>Understanding Availability: <a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/availability-and-beyond-improving-resilience/cap-theorem.html">CAP theorem</a></li>
<li>What is the CAP theorem? (<a href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/cap-theorem">ibm.com</a>)</li>
</ol>
</ol>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-70909772716846402882023-06-24T19:55:00.000-04:002023-06-24T19:55:02.138-04:00Are there any accommodations when taking the exam with Pearson Vue?<ol style="list-style: none;">
<li>Are there any accommodations when taking the exam with Pearson Vue?</li>
<ol type="a">
<li value="1">Test accommodations also known as “special arrangements” or “reasonable adjustments, are arrangement made for individuals demonstrating a documented needs in specific categories:</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">Extra time during tests</li>
<li>Separate testing room</li>
<li>Breaks</li>
</ol>
<li>Take a look at: <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/certification/policies/before-testing/#Requesting_Accommodations" target="_blank">Requesting Accommodations</a></li>
<li>Understanding test accommodations (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/Test-takers/Accommodations.aspx" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
<li>Pearson VUE Proctored accommodations (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/Test-takers/Accommodations.aspx" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
<li>Pearson VUE Request test accommodations: AWS (<a href="https://www.pearsonvue.com/accommodations/pv_review.asp?clientName=Amazon%20Web%20Services%20(AWS)" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
</ol>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-27373925455280918252023-06-24T19:54:00.000-04:002023-06-24T19:54:06.214-04:00Any advice on taking the online proctored AWS Certification exam?<ol>
<li style="list-style: none;">Any advice on taking the online proctored AWS Certification exam?</li>
<ol>
<li>Here's a message from <b>Pearson OnVUE</b> on the online proctored exam:
<table border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<i>If you are taking an online proctored exam in an available country, we strongly recommend using a personal computer (not issued from your employer) and a wired, ethernet connection. The two most frequent causes of technical issues are testing on:
<ul>
<li>a work computer</li>
<li>an unreliable internet connection</li></ul>
Security settings from work computers may restrict the software. Unreliable internet connections (wireless network, VPN, mobile hotspot) may lead to being disconnected.
</i>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>Use your personal computer, not a work computer</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>This will minimize the chances being blocked by work related security tools, or a VPN (virtual private network)</li>
<li>Running a System Test will be easier on a personal computer</li>
</ol>
<li>Computer with a webcam</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>Be prepared to show a 360<sup>o</sup> view of the space you are in</li>
</ol>
<li>Your testing space:</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>Should be private and unadorned; with no items that potentially could give you an unfair advantage, e.g. writings on the wall</li>
<li>Your test can be cancelled by the proctor if the conditions are not met, e.g. if anyone enters the room while you are taking the exam!</li>
</ol>
<li>An online proctored exam must be completed in a continuous session as breaks will not be allowed</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>Use the restroom ahead of time</li>
<li>Don't go into the test hungry</li>
</ol>
<li>On test day, begin the check-in process up to 30 minutes before to 15 minutes after your appointment time.</li>
<li>With Pearson VUE, the online proctors only provide support in English, Spanish, Mandarin, or Japanese. You will choose the proctor language during exam registration.</li>
<li>You will not be permitted to read the questions out loud, or mumble to yourself</li>
<li>Local writing material (scratch paper) is not allowed for online proctored exams</li>
<li>"There is no difference in the exams themselves when delivered in an online proctored modality."</li>
<li>Pearson VUE offers both the online proctored and the on-site options. However confirm that the modality you want is available in your area, in the timeframe you want.</li>
<li>Go to the AWS Certification page, and <a href="https://www.aws.training/certification/?ch=cta&cta=header&p=1" target="_blank"><b>Schedule an exam</b></a></li>
<li>Summary of tips I've picked up about online proctored exam:</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>Online is better from a <b><i>convenience POV</i></b>, however, make sure the area is "clean"</li>
<li>Testing facility is better from a <b><i>simplicity POV</i></b>, just show up with ID, and take test</li>
<li>Make sure you can be undisturbed for the duration of the exam</li>
<li>No one is allowed to walk into the room while you are testing - most of the time, they will end your test</li>
<li>Test the software well in advance of the exam</li>
<li>You'll download an app. Go to their page and test it out in advance</li>
<li>No extra monitors and peripherals allowed</li>
<li>Mac or PC, either is fine. It's mainly that you need to be able to show them the area is REALLY clean</li>
<li>No speaking, swearing, or muttering is acceptable, even if you are alone</li>
<li>You can't even move your lips</li>
<li>If you are someone who needs to mouth the words / read aloud to yourself, break the habit for the exam, as it is frowned upon even in a testing center</li>
<li>Have your phone handy, however make sure its visible to the proctor. You may be asked to keep it out of easy reach</li>
<li>The software has facial recognition component which will illuminate if you move out of frame</li>
<li>Have your laptop/computer connected to a power supply</li>
</ol>
<li><b>References:</b></li>
<ol type="a">
<li>What to Expect video: Taking an <a href="https://training.resources.awscloud.com/get-certified-security-specialty/pearson-aws-exam-english-subtitles-1" target="_blank">Online-Proctored Exam</a></li>
<li>What to expect video from Pearson VUE (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/Test-takers/Resources.aspx#what-to-expect" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
<li>Pearson VUE Proctored accommodations (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/Test-takers/Accommodations.aspx" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
<li>Pearson VUE Request test accommodations: Amazon Web Services (<a href="https://www.pearsonvue.com/accommodations/pv_review.asp?clientName=Amazon%20Web%20Services%20(AWS)" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
<li>Run a System Test before Test Day (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/aws/onvue" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
</ol>
</ol></ol> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-2278850954051357692023-06-24T19:52:00.000-04:002023-06-24T19:52:05.907-04:00Additional prep and exam prep sources<ol type="1">
<li style="list-style: none;" value="1">Additional prep and exam prep sources</li>
<ol type="a">
<li value="1">Exam Prep and Exam Questions</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">AWS <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/certification/certification-prep/" target="_blank">Certification</a> exam preparation</li>
<li>AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01) <a href="https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-certification/docs-cloud-practitioner/AWS-Certified-Cloud-Practitioner_Sample-Questions.pdf" target="_blank">Sample Exam Questions</a></li>
<li>AWS Cloud Quest: <a href="https://explore.skillbuilder.aws/learn/course/external/view/elearning/11458/aws-cloud-quest-cloud-practitioner" target="_blank">Cloud Practitioner</a></li>
<li>Search for Exam Readiness classes at this <a href="https://www.aws.training/LearningLibrary?query=exam%20readiness%20practitioner&filters=Language%3A1&from=0&size=15&sort=_score" target="_blank">link</a></li>
</ol>
<li>Exam References</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">Go to the <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/certification/certified-cloud-practitioner/#Prepare_for_your_exam" target="_blank">Prepare for your exam</a> section on the Certification page for additional resources.</li>
<li>AWS Developer Center: <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/developer/" target="_blank">Get started with AWS</a></li>
</ol>
<ol type="i">
<li value="3">Build in-demand cloud skills with <a href="https://explore.skillbuilder.aws/learn" target="_blank">AWS Skill Builder</a></li>
</ol>
<li>Learning Paths and Forums</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">AWS <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/training/ramp-up-guides/" target="_blank">Ramp Up Guides</a>, e.g. <a href="https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-certification/ramp-up_guides/Ramp-Up_Guide_CloudPractitioner.pdf" target="_blank">Cloud Practitioner</a> Ramp-Up Guide</li>
</ol>
<ol type="i">
<li value="2">Learning Plan by Role: <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/training/learn-about/cloud-practitioner/" target="_blank">Cloud Practitioner</a></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol type="a">
<li value="4">Tutorials</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">AWS Cloud Practitioner Tutorial (<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/aws/" target="_blank">w3schools.com</a>)</li>
<li>AWS on Coursera (<a href="https://www.coursera.org/search?query=AWS" target="_blank">coursera.com</a>)</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ol type="a">
<li value="5">Miscellaneous</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">What to expect when you're testing with Pearson VUE (<a href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/Test-takers/Resources.aspx#what-to-expect" target="_blank">pearsonvue.com</a>)</li>
</ol>
<ol type="i">
<li value="2">Check out the AWS Online<a href="https://aws.amazon.com/events/online-tech-talks/" target="_blank">Tech Talks</a></li></ol>
</ol>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-33305581308550650682023-06-24T19:47:00.003-04:002023-06-24T19:47:44.903-04:00Will I see my score immediately after completing the exam?<ol style="list-style: none;">
<li value="1">Will I see my score immediately after completing the exam?</li>
<ol type="a">
<li value="1">It depends on which AWS Certification Exam you take</li>
<li>You will see your pass/fail status upon completing the following exams:</li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner</li>
<li>AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty</li>
<li>AWS Certified: SAP on AWS - Specialty exams</li>
</ol>
<li>The detailed exam results will be available in your AWS Certification Account, up to five business days after the exam.</li>
<li>For all other exams, you will get a detailed exam result (with your score) within five business days after the exam</li>
<li><b>References:</b></li>
<ol type="i">
<li value="1">AWS <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/certification/faqs/" target="_blank">Certification FAQ</a></li>
</ol>
</ol>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-92210700728216487892023-06-24T19:47:00.000-04:002023-06-24T19:47:04.309-04:00Where can I find my AWS Certification Digital Badge?<ol style="list-style: none;">
<li>Where can I find my AWS Certification Digital Badge?</li>
<ol type="a">
<li>"AWS Certification provides digital badges as a benefit of earning an AWS Certification to showcase certification status. We provide digital badges via Credly’s Acclaim platform to offer flexible options for recognition and verification."</li>
<li>"If you have more than one AWS Certification Account with the same email address, you will need your accounts merged before you claim your badge(s) on Credly’s Acclaim platform. Please <a href="https://support.aws.amazon.com/#/contacts/aws-training" target="_blank"><b>contact us (AWS Training)</b></a> for assistance."</li>
<li><b>References:</b></li>
<ol>
<li>AWS Certification <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/certification/certification-digital-badges/" target="_blank">digital badges</a></li>
</ol>
</ol>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-33922063099554847482023-06-04T20:00:00.003-04:002023-06-14T03:37:29.554-04:00The TCP/IP Network Model<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">The TCP/IP Network Model</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Background:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Before we look at
the TCP/IP Network Model, let's see the dynamics of a real-life, human-to-human
communication.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Two people walk
towards each other on a street in a major American city. As they get closer, one of them, Bob, recognizes the other.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">He is now ready to start
the first phase of the communication: the <i><b>initiation</b></i>.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">He calls out to other
person, "Hello Alice!"</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">They stop in front
of each other, standing face to face. Alice, now takes part in the initiation
phase of the communication.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Making eye contact, she recognizes Bob, and
responds, "Hello Bob. How are you? It's good to see you."</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Bob smiles and
responds, "I am doing great, it's good to see you as well."</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Initiation
phase complete.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Now, the
<i><b>conversation</b></i> phase.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">They take turns talking to one another, watching for cues
to indicate when it is their turn to speak: cues such as pauses, the completion of a
thought or sentence, body language.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">In addition to
talking, listening is another key part of this phase.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">When one person is
speaking, the other listens attentively, maintaining eye contact, nodding, or
sending verbal cues of active listening like, "I see…",
"Yes…", "Wow…".</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">When the speaker finishes, the listener
picks up and responds appropriately.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">How do they end the
conversation? They move into the <i><b>termination</b></i> phase.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">There are cues and
protocols around that as well, such as gradually wrapping up the discussion,
maintaining longer pauses, using phrases such as "It was nice seeing you
today." or indicating a need to move on to other commitments. </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Just as
human-to-human communication has phases and cues for a conversation, a network
model, such as the TCP/IP Network Model, defines a framework of layers and protocols for data communication over a network. How do devices on the network initiate
communication, exchange data, and terminate communication? That is the
question the model answers.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Network Models</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">A network model,
is also referred to as a protocol suite or protocol stack. It is a conceptual
framework that defines the functions and mechanisms required for communication
within a computer network. It provides a structured approach to organizing and
understanding the different layers and components involved in the network
communication process.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model, which consists of seven layers (or phases) was
developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is
the most well-known networking model and is sometimes called a de jure model,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as it is more a model by decree, having been defined by a standards body. It is typically used to experttly explain
network models in general. It has very few actual implementations.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The network model we focus on in this article is the TCP/IP network model. <br /></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TCP/IP</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP/IP is the <span style="font-weight: bold;">foundation of the modern Internet</span>. Besides the <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Internet</span>, it is applicable
across <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">LANs</span> (Local Area
Networks), and <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">WANs</span>
(Wide Area Networks). It provides the <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">fundamental protocols and mechanisms</span> necessary for devices to
communicate and share data across networks, enabling the vast
interconnectedness that we rely on in today's data-centric world.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP/IP stands for <span style="font-weight: bold;">T</span>ransmission <span style="font-weight: bold;">C</span>ontrol
<span style="font-weight: bold;">P</span>rotocol / <span style="font-weight: bold;">I</span>nternet
<span style="font-weight: bold;">P</span>rotocol. It is a <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">set of protocols</span> or rules that govern <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">how data is transmitted and received</span>
over networks that use the Internet Protocol, e.g. the Internet.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP/IP provides a
standardized method for breaking data into packets, routing them across
networks, and reassembling them at the destination. It ensures reliable and
efficient communication between devices on a network.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The TCP/IP network
model uses several network protocols across its <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">four layers</span>. Each layer is responsible for specific
tasks and functions related to network communication:</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Application Layer:</span></li><ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The topmost layer
of the TCP/IP model</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It enables </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">user interaction</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> via application-level protocols for tasks, such as
file transfer, email, remote login, and web browsing</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Examples of protocols in
this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">When you send an email on the Internet, your email client is most likely interacting with <i><b>Simple Mail Transport Protocol</b></i> (<i><b>SMTP</b></i>), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">an application layer protocol for sending and receiving email</span>, just as your web browser is interacting with HTTP<br /></span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Transport Layer:</span></li><ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The transport
layer ensures </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">reliable delivery</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> of data between
devices</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It is responsible for </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">segmenting data</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> from the application layer into smaller units called
segments, and then reassembling them at the receiving end</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">This layer also provides </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">error checking</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">flow control</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">multiplexing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> of multiple applications using port numbers</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The two main protocols in
this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Internet Layer:</span></li><ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The internet
layer facilitates the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">transmission</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> o</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">f data</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
across different networks</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It is primarily responsible
for </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">addressing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">routing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">packet forwarding</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The Internet Protocol (IP)
is the central protocol of this layer, which handles </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">addressing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">routing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> of packets</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Other protocols in this
layer include Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for error
reporting and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) for multicast
group management</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Link Layer:</span></li><ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The link layer is
responsible for the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">physical transmission of
data</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> over the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">local network</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It deals with the protocols
and technologies required to transmit data frames between adjacent
devices on the same network</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">This layer includes
protocols for </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">accessing the network media</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">error detection and correction</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, and defining the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">physical</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
a</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">ddressing of devices</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Ethernet, and Wi-Fi (IEEE
802.11) are examples of link layer protocols</span></li></ul></ol>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The layers of the
TCP/IP model (and its protocols) work together to enable communication between
devices on a network and ensure the reliable transmission of data across the
Internet.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TCP</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) is responsible for <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">establishing and maintaining</span> a connection between two devices.
It breaks down data (or message) into smaller <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">segments</span>, applies an ordered <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">sequence number</span> to each, so they can be properly
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">reassembled</span> at the
destination.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP ensures that
segments are delivered without errors (from source to final destination) and in
the correct order. It provides re-transmission if any segment is lost or
corrupted along the way.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Here are a list of
services that TCP provides:</p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">a reliable character stream</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">packages data into segments</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">acknowledges and re-transmits
to recover lost packets</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">allows multiple connections
to a TCP socket</span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP uses the
underlying network infrastructure to create a two-way virtual pipe, connecting
two end-points (or sockets) together, for the reliable exchange of information
via the pipe.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">IP</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">While TCP provides
for guaranteed delivery of packets, flow control, packets re-assembly at the
destination, and end-to-end error correction.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Internet Protocol
(IP) is responsible for enabling the <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">packet to find its way to the destination</span>.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">It handles <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">addressing</span> and <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">routing</span> packets across the
internet. It <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">assigns a unique
IP address</span> to each device connected to a network, allowing packets to be
correctly directed to their intended destinations. IP ensures that packets are
routed efficiently by examining the destination IP address and <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">finding the best path</span> through
routers and networks from the source device to the destination device.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The Internet
Protocol's main task is to find the best route over which to send a packet. To
that end it adds source and destination addresses to every
"datagram", creating an IP packet. It uses protocols such as ARP,
RARP, ICMP and RIP to figure out the best route.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Here are a list of
features that IP WILL provide:</p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">assigning addresses to
individual datagrams</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">communicating with nodes and
gateways to find the best route</span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Here are a list of
features that IP does NOT provide:</p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">a reliable communication
facility</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">data delivery or loss
acknowledgement</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">error correction or detection
for data</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">re-transmission of lost
datagrams</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">flow control </span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">So what happens when
a datagram is corrupted? Or a network buffer at the destination overflows (i.e.
more data than the destination can handle)? With respect to IP, it does not
care. The datagram is simply discarded. It is up to the other layers to deal with
error correction or re-transmission or acknowledgements.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">For example, if
using TCP at the Transport Layer, it's up to the TCP module at the source to
recognize that it didn't receive an acknowledgement for a particular packet or
series of packets.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">If using UDP at the
Transport Layer, then we either do not care if a few packets are lost or some
other layer, e.g. Application, will be called to resolve the issue.</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Here is a table comparing <b>OSI</b> (with its seven layers) on the left, and <b>TCP/IP</b> (with its 4 layers) on the right:</p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyOpPeEAxG34BPK_wmeFpgHQrW7n8nRl0JFp2lHpk6a0ZiSRfRXjbMxU-JOoaoMuhOTp3gTsyWE4Q3lVi8SltWlUzAa7tcQ_Dk3ChHPESARRbZznG85bR7FLCOvzSJftXIqgs8jS6lD-vQr0zBdEiCzKXjWv4xB49CC3JHQVNUhdBW_C50gfUKLfRTA/s1645/networkModel001b.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="1645" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOyOpPeEAxG34BPK_wmeFpgHQrW7n8nRl0JFp2lHpk6a0ZiSRfRXjbMxU-JOoaoMuhOTp3gTsyWE4Q3lVi8SltWlUzAa7tcQ_Dk3ChHPESARRbZznG85bR7FLCOvzSJftXIqgs8jS6lD-vQr0zBdEiCzKXjWv4xB49CC3JHQVNUhdBW_C50gfUKLfRTA/w640-h316/networkModel001b.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: .375in; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">TCP and IP: Work Better Together</span></p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">TCP takes care of the
communication between application software at the source and destination</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">TCP is responsible for
breaking the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">message</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> down into </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">segments</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
before they are sent, and for reassembling them when they arrive back into
the original message</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">TCP checks data for errors
and submits requests for re-transmissions if errors are found</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">TCP is responsible for
verifying the correct delivery of data from source to final destination</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">IP is responsible for sending
the packets to the correct destination</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">IP takes care of the
communication with other nodes on the network</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">IP adds addresses to each
packet such that it can be individually routed to the final destination</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">IP forwards each packet based
on a destination (IP) address. IP operates on gateway machines that move
data from network to network</span></li></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most
prominent protocols in the TCP/IP protocol suite. A few others include: </p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">UDP</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">User Datagram Protocol</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Similar to TCP, except it
with the same level of reliability and error correction</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">lightweight,
“connection-less” communication between applications</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Commonly used for streaming
media, real-time communication, and applications where speed is more
critical than guaranteed delivery</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">ICMP</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Internet Control Message
Protocol</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Responsible for sending
control messages and error reporting within IP networks</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commonly used for diagnostic and
troubleshooting purposes, such as ping requests and error notifications</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">DHCP</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">For dynamically assigning
configuration information, e.g. IP address, host name to devices</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">ARP</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Address Resolution Protocol</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">ARP maps an IP address to a
physical MAC (Media Access Control) address on a local network</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It is used when devices need
to communicate with each other on the same network segment</span></li></ul></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Notes:</span></p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">TCP is a
"reliable" protocol, also known as “connection-oriented”. It is
responsible for the delivery of data from source to destination. It detects
errors and uses acknowledgements and retransmissions to ensure correct data
delivery. Other layers can focus on other things besides reliability, e.g. IP
focuses on how to route the packet between nodes.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">Internet Protocol
(IP) is a datagram, or connectionless, internetwork service and includes
provision for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and
reassembly, and security (via IPSec).</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The basic unit of
data differs between Layers:</p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Application Layer</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">At the application layer,
the basic unit of data is the message</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Segments received from the
Transport Layer are reassembled back into the original message from the
source</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Transport Layer</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">At the Transport Layer, the
basic unit of data is a segment</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Packets are received from
the Internet Layer and assembled into segments, then sent up to the
Application Layer</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Internet Layer</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">At the Internet Layer, the
basic unit of data is a packet</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Frames are received from the
Link Layer, and assembled into packets, thn sent up to the Transport
Layer</span></li></ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Link Layer</span></li><ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="circle"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">At the Link Layer, the basic
unit of data is a frame</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Streams of data bits (ones
and zeros) are assembled into frames and sent to the Link Layer</span></li></ul></ul>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The TCP/IP model's <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">link layer</span> combines elements
of both the <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">data link layer</span>
and the <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">physical layer</span>
of the OSI model.</p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>
<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;">The components of
TCP/IP began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, and come together in the mid-1970s as what we might recognize today as the TCP/IP network model.</p>
<!--amily: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"> </p>-->
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<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in;">I really appreciate you reading this article.
For even more information, sign-up for my <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Udemy</span> course, <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/primer-for-the-aws-cloud-networking/"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Primer for the AWS Cloud: Networking</span></a>,
for a thorough discussion of networking knowledge you need, to operate
effectively in the Cloud, including a comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI Network
models. </p>
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<p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">References:</span></p>
<ul style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="disc"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">What Is </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/icmp/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">ICMP</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1812#page-17"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Protocol Layering</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> in RFC 1812</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A TCP/IP Tutorial (</span><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1180"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">RFC 1180</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Internet protocol suite (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">wikipedia.org</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li></ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-61067349334334434942023-06-04T01:33:00.001-04:002023-06-15T01:58:57.557-04:00Where can I find AWS practice exams from AWS?
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Where can I find AWS practice exams from AWS?</span></li>
</ol>
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Here are some options</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS Certification </span><a href="https://explore.skillbuilder.aws/learn/catalog?ctldoc-catalog-0=se-%22AWS%20Certification%20Official%20Practice%20Question%20Sets%22"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Official Question Sets</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> in Skill Builder</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01) </span><a href="https://d1.awsstatic.com/training-and-certification/docs-cloud-practitioner/AWS-Certified-Cloud-Practitioner_Sample-Questions.pdf"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Sample Exam Questions</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">AWS Training and Certification on Twitch: </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/training/twitch/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Live and on-demand</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> content, includes AWS Power Hour, AWS Cloud Quest, AWS Jam Journeys, and more</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">From the </span><a href="https://amazonmr.au1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_eyBlfVF4Sloz1zL"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">AWS Power Hour</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> sessions held October 2020</span></li>
<li lang="en-CA" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">You can log into AWS Skill Builder with your credentials, and search for the exam of your choice in the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">search field</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> under </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Browse all courses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">.<br />
The list includes both </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">free</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">subscription-based</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> practice exams. For example, click this link </span><a href="https://explore.skillbuilder.aws/pages/16/learner-dashboard?ctl99=l-_en~field14-_5~se-%22certified%20cloud%20practitioner%22"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">Certified Cloud Practitioner</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> (CCP), to see certification content for the CCP exam, filtered by Language (English) and training category (Exam Preparation).</span></li>
</ol>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-61061024055895894292023-06-03T07:30:00.001-04:002023-06-03T18:14:55.571-04:00How do you Sign Up for an AWS Account?<div>
<br /></div><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">How do you </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Sign Up</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> for an AWS Account?</span><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">An Amazon Web
Services (AWS) Account is a </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">user account with
privileges</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
to access and utilize services and resources in the AWS cloud</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">When you sign up for an
account in AWS, you get an account with </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">full
administrative privileges</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> to services and resources in the account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Follow these steps to sign
up for a personal AWS account:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Open your web
browser and go to the AWS homepage at </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">https://aws.amazon.com/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Click on the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Create an
AWS Account</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> button, located near the upper right of the page
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="3"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">In the Sign up for AWS page,
provide your </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Root user email address</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> and choose an </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">AWS account name</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. Click on the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Verify email
address</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
button
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<ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 40px; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="4"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Next, you'll be prompted to
enter and verify your contact information, such as your name, address,
email, phone number, valid credit or debit card</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">valid payment method</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> is required to verify your identity and to charge for
any services you use beyond the free tier limits</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">To complete the sign up, you
will be asked to </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Select a support plan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">. At this point your only choices are:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Basic support</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Developer support</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Business support</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Select the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Basic support</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> plan, which is </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">free for all users</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">. You can sign up for any of
the other plans, including the Enterprise support plan, at a later point</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">After sign up, you will
receive welcome emails from AWS. You will be given information on how to
sign in to your AWS account via the AWS Management Console, where you can
access AWS services and manage your account settings</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Recommendations:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Set up security
measures like enable </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">multi-factor authentication</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> (MFA) and review
the security best practices </span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Set up a budget using </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">AWS Budgets</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> in the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Billing Dashboard</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> to receive alerts if your
usage and charges go, or is forecasted to go above a certain limit that
you set</span></li></ol>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Note:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> certain new AWS accounts are
eligible for the AWS Free Tier. Under the AWS Free Tier, certain AWS services are free of charge for a certain period, and/or up to a certain usage threshold. After which actual charges to your credit or debit card will apply ssss</span></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Congratulations! You now have
an AWS account. Be sure to familiarize yourself with AWS's billing structure, service offerings, and documentation to make the most of your AWS experience.</span><br />
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">References:</span>
<ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/free/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Free Tier</span></a></li>
<li><p style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left;"><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/getting-started/">Get to know</a> the AWS Cloud</p></li>
<!--<ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"-->
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">How do I </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/create-and-activate-aws-account/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">create and activate</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> a new AWS account?</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Blog - </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/startups/how-to-get-started-on-aws/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">How to Get Started on AWS</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> From a Dead Standstill</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Creating an Amazon Web Services Account (</span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WviHsoz8yHk&feature=youtu.be"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">AWS YouTube video</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li></ol>
</li></ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-69542452507114846372023-05-25T23:39:00.000-04:002023-05-27T23:39:56.798-04:00What is the Shared Responsibility Model?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What is the Shared
Responsibility Model?<br /></span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS says that, "Security
and compliance are shared responsibilities between AWS and the
customer"</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">There are things
in the customer layer, e.g. identity and access management, that are
solely the customer's responsibility</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">There are things in the
infrastructure layer, e.g. operating the physical data center, that are
solely AWS' responsibility</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">There are responsibilities
that apply to both the customer layer and infrastructure layer, in
different contexts, such that both Customer and AWS share in the
responsibility, e.g.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Patch
management, where AWS applies patches within the infrastructure, and
Customer patches the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">guest operating systems</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> and
applications</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Configuration Management
where AWS maintains the configuration of its infrastructure devices, and
the Customer has responsible for configuring their own guest operating
systems, and applications</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Awareness and Training,
where AWS trains AWS employees, and customers train their own employees</span></li></ol></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">When evaluating the security
of a cloud solution, it is important for customers to understand and
distinguish between the security </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">of</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> the cloud, and your security
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">in</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> the cloud.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Security </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">of</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
the cloud encompasses the security measures that AWS implements and
operates. </span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Security </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">in</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> the
cloud encompasses the security measures that customers implement and
operate, related to the AWS services they use.</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/shared-responsibility-model/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Shared Responsibility Model</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/compliance/data-privacy-faq/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Data Privacy</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> FAQ</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-security.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Security</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> in Amazon EC2</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">High-level </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/strategy-vmware-cloud-on-aws/transition.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">transition of tasks</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> from your organization to
VMware</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-1125057044916777892023-05-25T23:35:00.002-04:002023-05-27T23:38:05.619-04:00Is there a mnemonic for remembering who is responsible for what in the cloud?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Is there a mnemonic for
remembering who is responsible for what in the cloud?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">I've used the acronym: CIAO
(or initialism C.I.A.O.)</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">C</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">ustomer is
responsible for security…</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">"</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">I</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">N" the cloud;</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">A</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">WS is responsible for
security…</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">"</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">O</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">F" the cloud</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Remember it by thinking of
the informal Italian greeting, "Ciao."</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Shared </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/wellarchitected/latest/security-pillar/shared-responsibility.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">responsibility</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Shared </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/aws-risk-and-compliance/shared-responsibility-model.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">responsibility</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> model</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-48742075910744333772023-05-25T23:26:00.002-04:002023-06-03T17:12:10.111-04:00How do I secure my AWS environment?<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">How do I secure my AWS
environment?</span><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">I would start by:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/products/security/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">surveying
the security services</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> that AWS makes available</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Read about what AWS calls </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/security/provable-security/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Provable Security</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">, which involves using
tools and techniques to "</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic;">detect entire classes of
misconfigurations that could potentially expose vulnerable data</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">."</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Take a look at Amazon
Inspector, Amazon GuardDuty, Amazon Macie, these and other such services
can be leveraged to help secure your environment</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">Pro Tips:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> The following additional
steps can be taken to help you test and secure your AWS account:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Implement
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Enable MFA for
all IAM users in your AWS account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Beyond the usual username
and password, MFA adds an extra layer of security during login by
requiring an additional verification step, such as a code generated by
a mobile app or a physical device</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Enable AWS CloudTrail:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS CloudTrail
provides detailed logs of all API activity in your AWS account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">By enabling CloudTrail,
you can monitor and review CloudTrail logs for unauthorized or
suspicious activities</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Use AWS Trusted Advisor:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS Trusted
Advisor is a tool that provides real-time guidance to help you optimize
your AWS resources, improve performance, and enhance security</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It offers checks for
security-related best practices and alerts you to potential security
risks</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Review IAM Roles and
Permissions:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">IAM allows you
to manager user identities, permissions, and access to AWS resources in
your AWS account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Review and audit IAM
policies to ensure the principle of least privilege, i.e. they have
only the necessary privileges to carry out stated functions</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Implement VPC (Virtual
Private Cloud) and Network Security:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Use AWS VPC to
create one or more virtual networks, and a mechanism to create network
boundaries for traffic isolation</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Configure security groups
and network ACLs (Access Control Lists) to control inbound and outbound
traffic to instances and subnets respectively</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Monitor Security Groups and
Network Traffic:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Regularly
review and analyze the security groups and network traffic in your AWS
account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Identify any unauthorized
access attempts, unusual traffic patterns, or any signs of potential
security breaches</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Encrypt Data:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Implement
encryption for sensitive data at rest and in transit</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Use services such as AWS
Key Management Service (KMS) and AWS CloudHSM to manage encryption keys
and secure data-at-rest, and AWS Certificate Manager (ACM) enable
SSL/TLS encryption to secure data-in-transit communication</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Secure Access Keys:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Access keys
allow you to access AWS resources programmatic, as opposed to accessing
them via the AWS Management Console</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Anyone in possession of
your Access Key can gain unauthorized access to your AWS resources. As
such, regularly rotate (change) access keys and ensure they are stored
securely</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It is recommended that you
do not create Access Keys for the Root account, and if it exists, you
should delete them. Instead create and use IAM user Access Keys</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Perform Vulnerability
Scanning:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Use AWS
Inspector, a software and network vulnerability assessment tool to scan
your AWS resources for potential vulnerabilities</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It checks installed
applications against a database, for security vulnerability. It also
checks certain network parameters for vulnerabilities, and provides
recommendations for remediation</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Keep your EC2 instances,
databases, and other AWS resources up to date with the latest security
patches and updates</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Monitor for Security
Threats:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Utilize AWS
services like Amazon GuardDuty, which monitors for malicious activity
and unauthorized behavior</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Set up alerts and
notifications to promptly respond to any detected threats</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Test Disaster Recovery and
Backup:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Conduct backups
in a cadence that meets your organization's business requirements</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Regularly test your
disaster recovery and backup processes to ensure that you can recover
your data and applications in case of an incident or outage</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Penetration Testing:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Conduct regular
penetration testing on your AWS infrastructure to simulate potential
attacks and identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by
malicious actors</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It's important to follow
AWS guidelines and obtain proper authorization before conducting
penetration testing</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Regularly conduct
comprehensive security audits of your AWS account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Consider engaging an </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">AWS Security Competency Partners</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> security expert to
perform penetration testing and security audits on your AWS
infrastructure. They can identify security weaknesses that you might
have overlooked</span></li></ol></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Security is an ongoing
process. Keep up to date with the latest security best practices, AWS
service updates, and security-related announcements from AWS</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Enhanced </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-enhanced-amazon-macie-now-available/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">Amazon Macie</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> Now Available with Substantially Reduced Pricing</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">How to use Amazon Macie to </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/how-to-use-amazon-macie-to-preview-sensitive-data-in-s3-buckets/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">preview sensitive data</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> in S3 buckets</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/security/partner-solutions/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Security Competency</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Partners</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-60753999615718826512023-05-25T23:22:00.001-04:002023-05-27T23:24:30.766-04:00Can I test the security of my infrastructure? E.g. Can I run penetration tests on my environment?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Can I test the security of my
infrastructure? E.g. Can I run penetration tests on my environment?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Yes, AWS customers are
allowed to carry out security assessments or run penetration tests of
their AWS infrastructure services, without prior approval, under specific
conditions:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Customers can run
penetration tests against specific “Permitted Services”</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">"You are not permitted
to conduct any security assessments of AWS infrastructure that isn't on
your AWS account."</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">"You are not permitted
to conduct security assessments of AWS services themselves."</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Background:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">A penetration
test, or pen test, is, "Testing that verifies the extent to which a
system, device or process resists active attempts to compromise its
security."</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">See the AWS Customer Support
Policy for </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/security/penetration-testing/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Penetration Testing</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> for things the customer can
and cannot do, with respect to running a penetration test and other
security assessments on their AWS assets.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Note: Customer is encouraged
to report any security issues uncovered again any AWS service in the
course of running a security assessment, to </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">AWS Security</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> at: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic;">aws-security@amazon.com</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Penetration </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/security/penetration-testing/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">Testing</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">How do I run </span><a href="https://repost.aws/knowledge-center/penetration-testing"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">security assessments or
penetration tests</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> on AWS?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Penetration Testing (</span><a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/penetration_testing"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">nist.gov</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">)</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-71451106694161324222023-05-25T23:19:00.003-04:002023-05-27T23:21:39.146-04:00What if you forget the Account Root User password?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="listy-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What if you forget the
Account Root User password?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">If you are a </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
and you lost or forgot the root password, you can reset your password.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">To </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">reset your password</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, go to the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">AWS Management Console</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, enter your AWS root account
email address, click </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Next</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">. </span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Choose </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Forgot your
password?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Provide your AWS account </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">root users' email address</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, click </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">Continue</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Check your email for a reply
from a valid </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">@amazon.com</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, or </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">@aws.amazon.com</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> account, and follow the instructions in that email.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_access-keys_retrieve.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Resetting</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> lost or forgotten passwords or access keys for AWS</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-19083828035750660092023-05-25T23:16:00.001-04:002023-05-27T23:18:44.480-04:00What tasks require the credentials of the AWS Account Root User?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What tasks require the
credentials of the AWS Account Root User?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Most tasks can be carried out
in an AWS Account using an IAM User with appropriate privileges.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">There are very few tasks that
require the Account Root User, and they include:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Closing the
account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Configuring MFA Delete on an
Amazon S3 bucket</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Changing or canceling AWS
Support Plan</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Note: If the AWS Account is a
Member Account in an AWS Organizations service, the Root User of the
Member Account might be restricted using a Service Control Policy (SCP),
from carrying out one or more of the tasks that only the Root User can do.</span></li></ol>
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="4"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">References</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/root-vs-iam.html#aws_tasks-that-require-root"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Tasks that require root user credentials</span></a></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-84615481754779334112023-05-25T23:14:00.001-04:002023-05-27T23:15:51.293-04:00Can an IAM User belong to more than one IAM Group?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Can an IAM User belong to
more than one IAM Group?</span></li></ol>
<p style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; margin-left: .75in; margin: 0in;"></p>
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Yes, an IAM group can contain
many IAM users, and an IAM user can belong to multiple IAM Groups</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A User Group is a collection
of Users. The IAM Group is a collection of IAM Users</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">"User groups let you
specify permissions for multiple users, which can make it easier to manage
the permissions for those users."</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">In IAM, you can define
permissions and apply them to a set of related users individually, or you
can put those individual IAM Users into an IAM Group, and apply the
permissions to the group. Any User in the Group, or added to it will
automatically inherit the Group's permissions.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">IAM </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_groups.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">user groups</span></a></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-46525392528513359592023-05-25T23:10:00.001-04:002023-05-27T23:12:32.234-04:00What is AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS IAM)?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What is AWS Identity and
Access Management (AWS IAM)?</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Identity and
access management are key parts of an information security program.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">They ensure that only
authorized and authenticated users are able to access your resources and
that they do so only in a manner that you intend.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">Authentication:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">"Who is
requesting access to the AWS account and the resources in it?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It’s important to
establish the identity of the requester through credentials.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The requester could be a
person or an application; IAM calls them principals."</span></li></ol><li style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">Authorization:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">"After the
requester has been authenticated, what should they be allowed to do?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">IAM checks for policies
that are relevant to the request to determine whether to allow or deny
the request.</span></li></ol></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="3"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Example:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Let's say I
forgot my wallet at home. I need it, however I am in meetings all day
and I'm not able to go get it.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">I ask you to go to my
house and get it for me. I tell you that it is in the middle desk
drawer in the living room.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">I give you the gate code
and door lock combination to the building and apartment.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">You get in, find my wallet
and deliver it to me</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Authentication</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> happened when you enter the correct gate code and
combination.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Authorization</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> happened when I give you the right information (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic;">permission</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">) to find my wallet in the
desk drawer.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">Side
example:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> even
though you had possession of my ATM card in my wallet, you could not
have used it to withdraw money. You were not authorized for that as I
hadn't given you my ATM code.</span></li></ol></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">By using identity and access
management, you define who has access to which resources and outline what
can be done to those resources.</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-80176800554908469172023-05-25T23:03:00.001-04:002023-05-27T23:04:39.915-04:00What are the different user accounts in AWS?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What are the different user
accounts in AWS?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> (also called</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;"> account
owner</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> or </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">account root
user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">), is the
default user that comes with an </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">AWS account</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. It has full, unrestricted
privileges in the AWS account. As such, it should not be used for
day-to-day tasks.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> is created when
the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">AWS account</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> is created</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The credentials of the
account owner allow </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">full access</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic;"> to all
resources</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> in
the account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The root user can sign in to
the AWS Management Console using an </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">email address</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">password</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">IAM user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> is a </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic;">user
account</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> created
by the root user. IAM users can be assigned privileges/permissions.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">IAM users</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> are created by
the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> or a privileged </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">IAM user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The IAM user can sign in to
the AWS Management Console using the account alias or 12-digit AWS
account ID, the IAM user name, and the IAM user's password</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">By default, a new IAM user
has no privileges. However it can be assigned privileges. An </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">IAM user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> granted administrator
privileges is referred to as an IAM </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">administrator</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">For </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">day-to-day administrative tasks</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">, create one or more IAM users and assign them
appropriate privileges. For example, you can create an </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">IAM user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">
with appropriate privileges to manage Network Access Control Lists,
instead of using the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></li></ol></ol>
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="3"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">References</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/console.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">Signing in to the AWS Management Console</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> as an IAM user
or root user</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">AWS account </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/root-vs-iam.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">root user credentials and
IAM user credentials</span></a></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-2983932923112308142023-05-25T23:00:00.000-04:002023-05-27T23:27:34.125-04:00What is an AWS Account?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What is an AWS Account?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS accounts are a
fundamental part of accessing AWS services. You can think of an AWS
account in three ways. As a:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Container</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Think of your
AWS account as a container for all your AWS resources (Elastic Compute
Cloud, S3 bucket, IAM user, etc.), and the AWS identities that can
access those resources</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">It contains</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">a set of AWS
resources enabled in the account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">a set of users including
the Account </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Root</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> user and zero or more </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">IAM</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> users</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-weight: bold;">Root user</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> comes pre-created with the AWS Account</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">The root user can </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">optionally create one or more IAM users</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">settings used to configure
the account and its resources</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Note: Every resource is
uniquely identified by an Amazon Resource Name (ARN) that includes the
account ID of the account that contains, or owns it</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Security Boundary</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS accounts
serve as the fundamental security boundary for your AWS resources.
Enabling a level of isolation and access control.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Resources that you create
in your account are available to users who have credentials for your
account.</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">User</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">There are two
general user types in AWS:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS Account
Root User</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Amazon IAM User</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">When you sign-up for AWS
service, you are provisioned an AWS account, and that comes with an AWS
account root user</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Every AWS account, i.e. the
Container, can have one AWS Account Root User, and zero or more IAM
Users</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">To access the AWS Account
for the first time, login using provided AWS account root user identity</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Optionally create one or
more IAM users</span></li></ol></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Welcome to the
AWS </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/accounts/latest/reference/accounts-welcome.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">Account Management Reference Guide</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Amazon Resource </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/reference-arns.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Names</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> (ARNs)</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-88057712265005402062023-05-25T22:53:00.003-04:002023-05-27T22:55:23.895-04:00Are there a list of things I can and cannot do on AWS?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle; list-style: none" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Are there a list of things I
can and cannot do on AWS?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">I don't believe there is a
complete list, however…</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">AWS provides examples of
unacceptable use cases in their AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/aup/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Acceptable Use Policy</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> page. E.g.</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Illegal or
fraudulent activities</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Attempt to violate the
security, integrity, or availability of other users or systems</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Send unsolicited mass email,
or activities that can be considered "spam"</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Check out these other
additional sites:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/agreement/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; font-size: 11.0pt;">Customer Agreement</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">AWS Customer Support Policy
for </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/security/penetration-testing/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Penetration Testing</span></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">AWS </span><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/whitepapers/latest/aws-security-incident-response-guide/aws-response-to-abuse-and-compromise.html"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Response to Abuse</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;"> and Compromise</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">Automating processes for </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/mt/automating-processes-for-handling-and-remediating-aws-abuse-alerts/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt;">handling and remediating AWS
Abuse alerts</span></a></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-18835118713727459492023-05-25T22:47:00.001-04:002023-05-27T22:50:43.724-04:00Which AWS Services are free?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Which AWS Services are free?</span></li></ol><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">We can opt to talk about a
number of things here, including the AWS </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/free/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Free Tier</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> account, which allows new
AWS customers try out certain AWS services free of charge, typically up to
a limit</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Outside of the AWS Free Tier,
there are several free services categories:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Threshold-base
free services are services where the service, or some aspect of the
service is made free, up to a certain threshold, beyond that, charges
apply. For example, AWS Lambda provides 1 million requests free per
month, indefinitely</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Free services that only
charge for underlying services. For example, AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a
service for developers to quickly deploy and manage applications in the
AWS Cloud. There is no charge for using AWS Elastic Beanstalk. You pay
for AWS resources (e.g. EC2 instances or S3 buckets) you create to store
and run your application</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Find a lot of the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">free</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
services by visiting the URL with this format: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">aws.amazon.com/free/<category-name></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, where </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;"><category-names></span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> include: analytics, compute,
database, machine-learning, networking, storage, etc. e.g. </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/free/storage/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">https://aws.amazon.com/free/storage/</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">.<br />
Get a complete list of category names from: </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/free"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">https://aws.amazon.com/free</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">.</span></li></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-52772765595492305532023-05-25T22:01:00.023-04:002023-05-27T22:43:16.736-04:00What is a URL?<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="list-style: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What is a URL?</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">URL is an
abbreviation (or initialism) that stands for </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">Uniform
Resource Locator</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">It is the address of an
online resource, such as a web site, or a web site object</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A URL consists of several
components, some of which are optional, some of which will be filled in
by default, if not supplied by the user:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The required
components:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="1"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Protocol (or
scheme)</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">determines
what protocol to use to interpret the URL component beyond the colon</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">e.g. HTTP, HTTPS</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Domain name</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.225in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">A unique
reference to the resources' location</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">e.g. an Internet domain
name of the web server, in the case of HTTP scheme</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Port number</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Network
resources listen at a specific port for incoming requests</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The port number component
indicates which port the client should expect the server to be
listening at</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">e.g. a web server listens
at port 80 for requests using the HTTP protocol or port 443 for
requests using the HTTPS protocol</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Port number is a </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">required</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> component however if the
user does not specified it in the URL, the browser will infer the
correct port number from the protocol, and fill it in</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Path</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Path typically
refers to a file, or a path to the file or resource on the server</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">e.g. /path/to/file.html</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A Path component is </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">required</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, however if it is not
specified in the URL, the web server will use a default name, e.g. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">index.html</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">, otherwise it returns an error message to the
browser</span></li></ol></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Here is an example of a URL
with its basic components: </span></li></ol>
<div style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-r8Rl3d_qMOavbjevQNlnFCzAmDHiwcDIoKZ_t1KjYJMvD6-p_Wr4vY3aX8C4adPegOFUPijg-toXgFG3ZGKb-F8bvyJRqRtInEsNtKn0LIMj_7V2gQ8bCeTsKXWX5vPI0WGy_eNw2NEPM3ZPvZRHkVYtsOMgQw-2q4k3Of0iAPbAnd4-dcm15FZ5HQ/s971/whatisaurl.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="107" data-original-width="971" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-r8Rl3d_qMOavbjevQNlnFCzAmDHiwcDIoKZ_t1KjYJMvD6-p_Wr4vY3aX8C4adPegOFUPijg-toXgFG3ZGKb-F8bvyJRqRtInEsNtKn0LIMj_7V2gQ8bCeTsKXWX5vPI0WGy_eNw2NEPM3ZPvZRHkVYtsOMgQw-2q4k3Of0iAPbAnd4-dcm15FZ5HQ/w640-h70/whatisaurl.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />
</div>
</ol></ol>
<ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="a"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="4"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Advanced
Notes:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">There are dozens
other protocols beyond HTTP and HTTPS. See the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">List of URI schemes</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> reference below</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">://</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> in a URL acts as a </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">separator</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
between the protocol and domain name. The colon (:) separates the
protocol from the next part of the URL, while the two forward slashes
(//)indicates that the next part of the URL is the domain name.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">The domain name and port
number combination is referred to as </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">authority</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">A URL is a URI (Uniform
Resource Identifier) that specifies both the primary access mechanism and
network location of the resource.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I.e. it represents the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">how to</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic;">where to</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> of the resource</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Even though </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">protocol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">scheme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> are often used interchangeably, technically scheme
tells the client (e.g. web browser) how the resource will be processed,
e.g. with the HTTP protocol. Sometimes they are the same, e.g. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">http:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
scheme using the HTTP protocol, sometimes they are not the same, e.g. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">mailto:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">
scheme using the SMTP protocol.</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">If the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">scheme is omitted</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> in the URL for a web server, modern browsers will
typically default to using the </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">https:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;"> scheme. Web servers can
also be configured to redirect HTTP requests to HTTPS in an effort to
promote secure browsing, and because of the widespread adoption of HTTPS</span></li></ol><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold;">References:</span></li><ol style="direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.375in; margin-top: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed;" type="i"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" value="1"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">What happens when
you </span><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/mobile/what-happens-when-you-type-a-url-into-your-browser/"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">type a URL</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> into your browser?</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">What is a URL? (</span><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics/What_is_a_URL"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">mozilla.org</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Anatomy of a URL (</span><a href="https://doepud.co.uk/anatomy-of-a-url"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">doepud.co.uk</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">List of URI schemes (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">wikipedia.org</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">URI Syntax (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Syntax"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">wikipedia.org</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">)</span></li></ol></ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-10335623066207144202022-05-17T05:29:00.000-04:002022-05-17T05:29:58.018-04:001.3.9 Cloud Computing<h2>
Cloud Computing</h2>
The only thing new about Cloud Computing is the term. The concept has been around since the days of the mainframe computer. This is where the data processing happens somewhere separate from the data consumption.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jrVX4I1AXbA/Upp2mVNBqTI/AAAAAAAAAFo/zlYhv77bU60/s1600/MainFrame.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jrVX4I1AXbA/Upp2mVNBqTI/AAAAAAAAAFo/zlYhv77bU60/s400/MainFrame.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
What is cloud computing? In one of the more bare-bones definition, it is the ability to process information on someone else’s device. For a more comprehensive definition, we go to the NIST definition. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published its final definition of Cloud Computing in September 2011:<br />
<br />
“<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.</span>”<br />
<br />
The NIST cloud computing definition and guideline was crafted, with public input, for use by U.S. Federal agencies.<br />
<br />
Let’s dissect the NIST definition to gain a better understanding of what they call cloud computing:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6ozMUWdlzwQ/Upp3GiqYsfI/AAAAAAAAAFw/IhDGACDdnns/s1600/Defn.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="403" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6ozMUWdlzwQ/Upp3GiqYsfI/AAAAAAAAAFw/IhDGACDdnns/s640/Defn.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The authors of the NIST definition of cloud computing (above) highlight five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models for cloud computing.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Characteristics of Cloud Computing</h3>
NIST formally defines the terms we highlighted in the figure above.<br />
<br />
<u>On-demand self-service:</u> “A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.”<br />
<br />
<u>Broad network access:</u> “Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).”<br />
<br />
<u>Resource pooling:</u> “The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.”<br />
<br />
<u>Rapid elasticity:</u> “Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.” For example, users can quickly add additional CPU when demand increases and scale down and use fewer CPU resources when demand subsides.<br />
<br />
<u>Measured service:</u> “Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).” I.e. resource usage per user is tracked and is made available to the user on demand.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Deployment Models</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="18%"><b>Cloud Types</b></td>
<td width="81%"><b>Properties</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="18%">Private Cloud</td>
<td valign="top" width="81%">Commissioned for the exclusive use of a single organization.<br />
Owned and managed by that organization and/or a third party.<br />
Can have multiple consumers, e.g. business units<br />
May exist on or off premise</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="18%">Community Cloud</td>
<td valign="top" width="81%">Commissioned for exclusive use of a community (multiple organizations) with a shared concern or purpose.<br />
Owned and managed by the community and/or a third party.<br />
May exist on or off premise</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="18%">Public Cloud</td>
<td valign="top" width="81%">Available to the general public<br />
Owned and managed by a service provider organization.<br />
Exists on the premise of the service provider.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="18%">Hybrid Cloud</td>
<td valign="top" width="81%">Composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures.<br />
Bound together by standard or proprietary technology yet otherwise remain distinct.<br />
Enables data and app portability, e.g. the temporary consumption of resources on a partner cloud infrastructure (cloud bursting).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3>
Service Models</h3>
The cloud service provider can provide a variety of services to the client. The NIST definition of cloud computing identifies three service sets or delivery models:<br />
<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><u>Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):</u> The processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources, is provided to the consumer. This allows the consumer to deploy and run arbitrary software.<br />Bring your own <i>operating system</i>… everything else, from the virtualization server, down to the hardware is provided. Examples of IaaS offerings include: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, and Azure Virtual Machines.<br />
<br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><u>Platform as a Service (PaaS):</u> PaaS builds on top of IaaS, and provides the consumer an environment including an operating environment, integrated development environment (IDE). This allows the consumer a cohesive environment to build applications and solutions.<br />Bring your own <i>application and data</i>, everything else can be provided. Examples of PaaS offerings include: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, and Azure App Service.<br />
<br />
3.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><u>Software as a Service (SaaS):</u> The consumer is given access to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from a variety of client devices, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface.<br />Bring your own… <i>nothing</i>. Input your data and the service provider manages everything. Some examples of SaaS offerings include: Microsoft Office365, Google apps and Salesforce.com.<br />
<br />
Here is an illustration of the above information:<br /><br />
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEhW640z7sTEYC6L7GY0nTwb_xspNYnpV3O64cAHBMrc988xx7UG3Hq4M2qL1JwU9OmyutcXKg3AeJSk96vThoj88Q_CLc7wG4X7TDNWd3VxQNj_3XA7RcMYwC98z9aQsk5CGaAg0lha33hhWNdWTAN-CgRv-Y6Rrb03W1GP0gy-5hUf_mEDD7ce7qBA/s3553/as-a-service2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1740" data-original-width="3553" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEhW640z7sTEYC6L7GY0nTwb_xspNYnpV3O64cAHBMrc988xx7UG3Hq4M2qL1JwU9OmyutcXKg3AeJSk96vThoj88Q_CLc7wG4X7TDNWd3VxQNj_3XA7RcMYwC98z9aQsk5CGaAg0lha33hhWNdWTAN-CgRv-Y6Rrb03W1GP0gy-5hUf_mEDD7ce7qBA/w640-h314/as-a-service2.png" width="640" /></a></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--4IpZajAIAU/Upp5aRAxRKI/AAAAAAAAAGI/kqT1LUbM6NI/s1600/XaaS.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3>
Cloud Principals</h3>
There are a number of users and principals in the cloud computing ecosystem. Here are five major categories:<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 90%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC66" width="17%"><b>Principals</b></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFCC66" width="83%"><b>Description</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cloud Consumer</b></td>
<td>Maintains a business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers; the client.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cloud Provider</b></td>
<td>Responsible for making a service available to Cloud Consumers; the service provider.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cloud Auditor</b></td>
<td>Can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information system operations, performance and security of the cloud implementation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cloud Broker</b></td>
<td>Manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Cloud Carrier</b></td>
<td>Provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<p> </p>
<table border="0" style="background-color: #dfdfdf;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>
Sign-up</b> for the Udemy.com course: <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/primer-for-the-aws-cloud-networking/" target="netpage"><b>Primer for the AWS Cloud: Networking</b></a>, for a <b><i>presenter-led</i></b> treatment of networking topics for cloud computing subscribers.</td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><i><b>Updated:</b> 2022/05/17</i></p>
<h3>
References:</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf" target="neokobo">http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/use-cases.cfm" target="neokobo">http://www.nist.gov/itl/cloud/use-cases.cfm</a></li>
<!--<li><a href="http://onekobo.com/Cloud/tagcloud.html" target="neokobo">http://onekobo.com/Cloud/tagcloud.html</a></li>-->
<!--<li>CompTIA SY0-301</li>-->
</ul>
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<title>AWS Regions and Points of Presence</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--[if !excel]> <![endif]-->
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Page wizard.-->
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<div id="EdgeLocationAll3_30931" align=center x:publishsource="Excel">
<h1 style='color:black;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;font-weight:800;
font-style:normal'>AWS Regions and Points of Presence</h1>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZovP_suwXjkYupYfC6mhCqgTbgK7fArrrIpQ069XLrNudqBmCLhX6isE51mZ2RwpsTV6xA3LACTIg69kcJe3lPfIuftjtoyfPGd9sweLcOBlBQ55PnD7dHND1HLfBLh14pff1dIrH3YqVClH52uDyeLpvWVyjn__b25xwBE7-iK2YJkvRX3cYenWVA/s1112/AWSRegionsPoPs2.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" width="400" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="1112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZovP_suwXjkYupYfC6mhCqgTbgK7fArrrIpQ069XLrNudqBmCLhX6isE51mZ2RwpsTV6xA3LACTIg69kcJe3lPfIuftjtoyfPGd9sweLcOBlBQ55PnD7dHND1HLfBLh14pff1dIrH3YqVClH52uDyeLpvWVyjn__b25xwBE7-iK2YJkvRX3cYenWVA/s400/AWSRegionsPoPs2.png"/></a></div>
<table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=757 style='border-collapse: collapse;table-layout:fixed;width:568pt'>
<col width=177 span=2 style='mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:6286;
width:133pt'>
<col width=183 style='mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:6513;width:137pt'>
<col width=78 style='mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:2759;width:58pt'>
<col width=142 style='mso-width-source:userset;mso-width-alt:5063;width:107pt'>
<tr height=24 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:18.0pt'>
<td colspan=5 height=24 class=xl9630931 width=757 style='height:18.0pt;
width:568pt'>AWS Regions and Points of Presence</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl6630931>Regions</td>
<td class=xl6730931 width=183 style='border-left:none;width:137pt'>Edge
Locations</td>
<td class=xl6630931>Count</td>
<td class=xl6630931>Regional Edge Caches</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>Africa</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7030931> </td>
<td class=xl7130931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Africa (Cape Town)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Cape Town, South
Africa<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Johannesburg,
South Africa<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Nairobi,
Kenya<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7730931>Total</td>
<td class=xl9530931>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>Asia</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7830931> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Hong Kong)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Tokyo,
Japan<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>22</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Mumbai, India</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Jakarta)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Osaka,
Japan<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>5</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Singapore</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Mumbai)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Seoul,
Korea<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Seoul, South Korea</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Osaka)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Hanoi,
Vietnam<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl9030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>announced</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Tokyo, Japan</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Seoul)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Singapore<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Singapore)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Bangalore,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Tokyo)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Hyderabad,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Hyderabad)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Mumbai,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Kolkata,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Chennai,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>New Delhi,
India<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>7</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Taipei,
Taiwan<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Bangkok,
Thailand<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Jakarta,
Indonesia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Manila,
Philippines<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Hong Kong,
CHINA<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>78</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>Australia & New
Zealand</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Asia Pacific (Sydney)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Auckland, New
Zealand<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Sydney</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931>Asia Pacific (Melbourne)<font class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Sydney,
Australia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931>Asia Pacific (Auckland)<font class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Melbourne,
Australia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Perth,
Australia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>11</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>China</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>China (Beijing)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Shanghai
China<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>China (Ningxia)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Shenzhen
China<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Zhongwei,
China<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Beijing,
China<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>Europe</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Frankfurt)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Frankfurt,
Germany<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>15</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Dublin, Ireland</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Ireland)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Berlin,
Germany<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>5</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Frankfurt, Germany</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (London)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Düsseldorf,
Germany<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931>London, England</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Milan)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Hamburg,
Germany<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl8230931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Paris)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Munich,
Germany<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='page-break-before:always;mso-height-source:userset;
height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Stockholm)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>London, UK<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>14</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Spain)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Manchester,
UK<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Europe (Switzerland)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Paris,
France<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>9</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Marseille,
France<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Milan,
Italy<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>7</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Rome, Italy<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Palermo,
Italy<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Madrid,
Spain<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Amsterdam, The
Netherlands<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Vienna,
Austria<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Stockholm,
Sweden<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Copenhagen,
Denmark<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Dublin,
Ireland<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Helsinki,
Finland<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Athens,
Greece<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Brussels,
Belgium<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Budapest,
Hungary<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Lisbon,
Portugal<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Oslo,
Norway<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Bucharest,
Romania<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Prague,
Czech<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Sofia,
Bulgaria<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Warsaw,
Poland<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Zagreb,
Croatia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Zurich,
Switzerland<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>102</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>Middle East</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Middle East (Bahrain)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Tel Aviv,
Israel<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Middle East (UAE)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Manama,
Bahrain<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Middle East (Israel)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Dubai, UAE<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Fujairah,
UAE<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>5</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>North America</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Canada (Central)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Washington,
DC<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>11</td>
<td class=xl7530931>California</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>US East (N. Virginia)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Chicago, IL<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>11</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Ohio</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>US East (Ohio)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>New York,
NY<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>10</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Oregon</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>US West (N. California)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Atlanta, GA<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>8</td>
<td class=xl7530931>Virginia</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>US West (Oregon)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Los Angeles,
CA<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>7</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>AWS GovCloud (US-East)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Miami, FL<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>7</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>AWS GovCloud (US-West)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Dallas-Fort
Worth, TX<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>6</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>Canada (West)<font
class="font630931">*</font></td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Houston, TX<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>San Francisco,
CA<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>4</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Boston, MA<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Denver, CO<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='page-break-before:always;mso-height-source:userset;
height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Portland,
OR<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Seattle, WA<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Minneapolis,
MN<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Phoenix, AZ<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Philadelphia,
PA<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Salt Lake City,
UT<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Vancouver,
Canada<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Querétaro,
Mexico</td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Montréal,
Canada<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Toronto,
Canada<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>3</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl8030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>94</td>
<td class=xl8130931 style='border-left:none'> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6830931 style='height:14.4pt'>South America</td>
<td class=xl6830931> </td>
<td class=xl6930931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl9130931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'> </td>
<td class=xl7930931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7230931 width=177 style='width:133pt'>South America (Sao Paulo)</td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Lima, Peru<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl9030931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>announced</td>
<td class=xl7530931>São Paulo, Brazil</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>São Paulo,
Brazil</td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>5</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Rio De Janeiro,
Brazil<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>2</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Bogota,
Colombia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Buenos Aires,
Argentina<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl7530931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl7630931> </td>
<td class=xl7330931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Santiago,
Chile<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl7430931 align=right style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>1</td>
<td class=xl8230931> </td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl8330931> </td>
<td class=xl8430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>Total</td>
<td class=xl9430931 style='border-top:none;border-left:none'>10</td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl8530931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl8730931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>*<font
class="font530931"> Regions Coming Soon</font></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=177 style='width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>Updated:
29th April 2022</td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=177 style='width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl6530931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=177 style='width:133pt'></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td colspan=2 height=19 class=xl9730931 style='height:14.4pt'>Totals</td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl9230931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>Regions
(<font class="font730931">Launched</font><font class="font530931">):<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font></td>
<td class=xl8830931>26</td>
<td rowspan=2 class=xl9830931 width=183 style='width:137pt'> </td>
<td rowspan=2 class=xl8630931></td>
<td rowspan=2 class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl9230931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>Regions
(<font class="font730931">Coming Soon</font><font class="font530931">):<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></font></td>
<td class=xl8930931>8</td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl9330931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>Edge
Locations:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl8930931>307</td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=19 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:14.4pt'>
<td height=19 class=xl9330931 width=177 style='height:14.4pt;width:133pt'>Regional
Edge Caches:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></td>
<td class=xl8930931>13</td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=183 style='width:137pt'></td>
<td class=xl8630931></td>
<td class=xl6530931 width=142 style='width:107pt'></td>
</tr>
<tr height=24 style='mso-height-source:userset;height:18.0pt'>
<td colspan=4 height=24 class=xl9930931 style='height:18.0pt'>Follow up with AWS Networking Primer course at <a
href="https://www.udemy.com/course/primer-for-the-aws-cloud-networking/" target="netpage"><span style='font-size:
18.0pt;font-weight:700'>Udemy.com</span></a></td>
<td class=xl1530931></td>
</tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6982449793658113728.post-47937482355076907952022-05-06T21:56:00.001-04:002022-05-06T21:56:38.172-04:00Primer for the AWS Cloud: Networking<p></p>
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<p>A walk-through of the Udemy.com course: <a href="https://www.udemy.com/course/primer-for-the-aws-cloud-networking/" target="_blank"><b>Primer for the AWS Cloud: Networking</b></a>.</p>
<p>This <i><b>highly-rated</b></i> course covers the <b><i>Networking prerequisites</i></b> needed to be an effective cloud administrator. <br /><br />Most of the information is applicable across any cloud platform, however, we use AWS as the base platform, and any AWS specific information is noted as such.</p>
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